Forest management, site characteristics and climate change affect multiple biotic threats in riparian forests

• Large-scale international survey of a protected riparian forest in Central Europe. Every biotic threat needs their own measures. Tree diversity negatively affects fungi leave damage. In changing world, forests are coming under more and stress from threats. This impacts all stages saplings to older trees. One the most dominant threats alien species eruptive pest species. Sustainable silvicultural methods required reduce risk such We investigated influence climate, site, tree, characteristics on leaf damage by insect pests or fungal pathogens, herbaceous plant species, browsing, abundance native tree saplings. Transects across Danube-Mura-Drava biosphere reserve Austria northwest Serbia southeast, each containing 7–8 plots, were established assess site characteristics, regeneration, as well found that horizontal stand structure affected different ways. Insect was positively correlated with height, intensity management (from natural coppice/plantations), temperature precipitation during vegetation season. Fungal associated management, public ownership richness. Browsing influenced number The distance watercourse, mean vegetative period (MTVP), competition level, trees per layer, DBH.